Shrink disk size partition in terminal with parted resize

The Victory Lap: 851GB shrinked drive (Stable), 323GB 4256-sector slop (Webcam Trash), screaming shrinked 978GB 2005-sector zombie (Torrent Sacrifice). Successfully built "Post-Apocalyptic" Storage Array out of pure e-waste. It's chatty, it spams errors - but it's moving 110MB/s and cost $0.

Copy and boot Linux partition on same SSD disk

Install Ventoy on USB stick. https://www.ventoy.net/en/download.html

Copy Resquezilla.ISO to USB flash drive. https://rescuezilla.com/download

Boot from USB stick and choose Resquezilla.ISO.

BACKUP PARTITIONS BEFORE DOING ANYTHING!

Close Resquezilla and open PartedMagic. https://partedmagic.com/

Resize necessary partition, making space for copy.

Copy selected partition.

Delete original partition.

Reboot

DO EVERYTHING AT YOUR OWN RISK!

blkid

lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINTS,UUID,PARTUUID

lsusb

mount

sudo fdisk -l

sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda

Create SSD disk image & restore clone on Kubuntu

Rescuezilla is widely considered the best choice because it provides a modern graphical interface (GUI) while remaining fully compatible with Clonezilla, the industry standard for disk imaging. 

    Why it's better than others: Unlike built-in tools like dd, Rescuezilla handles partition resizing, skips unused space to save time/storage, and is highly unlikely to fail due to simple user errors.

    Emergency Readiness: The resulting image file can be restored to a brand-new SSD of equal or larger size, and your system will boot exactly as it did before. 

Scanning HDD surface test on Linux

To scan the surface of a hard disk drive (HDD) for bad sectors in the Ubuntu terminal, the most direct command-line tool is **`badblocks`**. It performs a thorough surface scan by reading (and optionally writing) to every block on the drive.

smartctl do not show all SMART parameters for USB-drive

smartctl often shows fewer or limited SMART parameters for USB-connected drives (external HDDs/SSDs in enclosures or via adapters) compared to internal SATA/NVMe drives. This happens mainly because USB drives use a bridge chip (USB-to-SATA or USB-to-NVMe) that translates commands between USB (typically SCSI-based) and the internal drive's ATA/NVMe protocol.

Ubuntu GRUB not loading - boot manager repair

1. Check if Linux is in MB BIOS. Del or F11 and choose boot priority: 1. Ubuntu, 2. Windows.

2. If no GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader), boot Linux from MB boot menu F11.

3. No boot from /boot/efi partition? Boot from USB drive > Try Kubuntu.

rsync backup synchronization script

cd /home/user/

mkdir .backup

touch folders.txt // include folders in column folder1 folder2 folder3

touch backup.sh

#!/bin/bash

# Define the source and destination base directories

src_base="/media/user/disk1"

dest_base="/media/user/disk2/backup"

# Define the list of folders to copy

folder_list="folders.txt"

# Define the rsync options, including --delete to remove files not present in the source

rsync_opts="-rahP --inplace --info=progress2 --stats -u --delete"

# Loop through each folder in the list

while IFS= read -r folder; do

    # Check if the folder path is not empty

    if [ -n "$folder" ]; then

        echo "Processing folder: $src_base/$folder => $dest_base/$folder"

        # Perform the rsync operation

        rsync $rsync_opts "$src_base/$folder/" "$dest_base/$folder/"

    fi

done < "$folder_list"

chmod +x backup.sh

./backup.sh

cp -ruv /home/user/ /media/user/disk2

Toshiba DT01ACA200 SMART

smartctl --all /dev/sda                    (Prints all SMART information)

smartctl 7.3 2022-02-28 r5338 [x86_64-linux-5.19.0-46-generic] (local build)

Copyright (C) 2002-22, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===

Model Family:     Toshiba 3.5" DT01ACA... Desktop HDD

Device Model:     TOSHIBA DT01ACA200

Serial Number:    #########

LU WWN Device Id: 5 000039 ff3e0f0aa

Firmware Version: MX4OABB0

User Capacity:    2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]

Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical

Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm

Form Factor:      3.5 inches

Device is:        In smartctl database 7.3/5319

ATA Version is:   ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 4

SATA Version is:  SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 6.0 Gb/s)

Local Time is:    Sat Jul 15 22:29:35 2023 EEST

SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.

SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===

SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: FAILED!

Drive failure expected in less than 24 hours. SAVE ALL DATA.

See vendor-specific Attribute list for failed Attributes.

General SMART Values:

Offline data collection status:  (0x84) Offline data collection activity

                                        was suspended by an interrupting command from host.

                                        Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.

Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed

                                        without error or no self-test has ever

                                        been run.

Total time to complete Offline

data collection:                (14822) seconds.

Offline data collection

capabilities:                    (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.

                                        Auto Offline data collection on/off support.

                                        Suspend Offline collection upon new

                                        command.

                                        Offline surface scan supported.

                                        Self-test supported.

                                        No Conveyance Self-test supported.

                                        Selective Self-test supported.

SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering

                                        power-saving mode.

                                        Supports SMART auto save timer.

Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.

                                        General Purpose Logging supported.

Short self-test routine

recommended polling time:        (   1) minutes.

Extended self-test routine

recommended polling time:        ( 247) minutes.

SCT capabilities:              (0x003d) SCT Status supported.

                                        SCT Error Recovery Control supported.

                                        SCT Feature Control supported.

                                        SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16

Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:

ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE

  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x000b   070   070   016    Pre-fail  Always       -       181274516

  2 Throughput_Performance  0x0005   139   139   054    Pre-fail  Offline      -       72

  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0007   127   127   024    Pre-fail  Always       -       296 (Average 299)

  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0012   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       3238

  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   001   001   005    Pre-fail  Always   FAILING_NOW 2005

  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x000b   100   100   067    Pre-fail  Always       -       0

  8 Seek_Time_Performance   0x0005   124   124   020    Pre-fail  Offline      -       33

  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0012   096   096   000    Old_age   Always       -       32025

 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0013   100   100   060    Pre-fail  Always       -       0

 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       2840

192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   097   097   000    Old_age   Always       -       4030

193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0012   097   097   000    Old_age   Always       -       4030

194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0002   240   240   000    Old_age   Always       -       25 (Min/Max 14/52)

196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   001   001   000    Old_age   Always       -       2598

197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0022   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0008   100   100   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0

199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x000a   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

SMART Error Log Version: 1

ATA Error Count: 4

        CR = Command Register [HEX]

        FR = Features Register [HEX]

        SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]

        SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]

        CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]

        CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]

        DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]

        DC = Device Command Register [HEX]

        ER = Error register [HEX]

        ST = Status register [HEX]

Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as

DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,

SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.

Error 4 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 32022 hours (1334 days + 6 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 50 30 cd 73 08  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0873cd30 = 141806896

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  60 50 28 30 cd 73 40 08      00:01:48.986  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  60 08 20 08 cd 73 40 08      00:01:45.998  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  60 08 68 00 cd 73 40 08      00:01:42.921  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  60 08 60 00 54 5a 40 08      00:01:42.861  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  60 08 58 f8 cc 73 40 08      00:01:39.840  READ FPDMA QUEUED

Error 3 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 32022 hours (1334 days + 6 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 08 f0 cc 73 08  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0873ccf0 = 141806832

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  60 08 68 f0 cc 73 40 08      00:01:32.621  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08      00:01:32.600  SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature]

  27 00 00 00 00 00 e0 08      00:01:32.600  READ NATIVE MAX ADDRESS EXT [OBS-ACS-3]

  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08      00:01:32.597  IDENTIFY DEVICE

  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08      00:01:32.597  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 2 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 32022 hours (1334 days + 6 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 08 f0 cc 73 08  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0873ccf0 = 141806832

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  60 08 a8 f0 cc 73 40 08      00:01:28.814  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 08      00:01:28.814  SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature]

  27 00 00 00 00 00 e0 08      00:01:28.814  READ NATIVE MAX ADDRESS EXT [OBS-ACS-3]

  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08      00:01:28.812  IDENTIFY DEVICE

  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08      00:01:28.812  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 1 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 32022 hours (1334 days + 6 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 30 00 cd 73 08  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x0873cd00 = 141806848

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  60 40 48 f0 cc 73 40 08      00:01:18.230  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  60 08 20 68 f1 ad 40 08      00:01:18.216  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  60 00 18 18 5f bd 40 08      00:01:17.959  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  60 00 10 18 5e bd 40 08      00:01:17.958  READ FPDMA QUEUED

  60 00 08 18 5d bd 40 08      00:01:17.958  READ FPDMA QUEUED

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1

No self-tests have been logged.  [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1

 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS

    1        0        0  Not_testing

    2        0        0  Not_testing

    3        0        0  Not_testing

    4        0        0  Not_testing

    5        0        0  Not_testing

Selective self-test flags (0x0):

  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.

If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

Seagate ST980813ASG SMART

smartctl --all /dev/sda                    (Prints all SMART information)

smartctl 7.3 2022-02-28 r5338 [x86_64-linux-5.19.0-15-generic] (local build)

Copyright (C) 2002-22, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===

Model Family:     Seagate Momentus 7200.2

Device Model:     ST980813ASG

Serial Number:    ########

Firmware Version: 3.ADD

User Capacity:    80,026,361,856 bytes [80.0 GB]

Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical

Device is:        In smartctl database 7.3/5319

ATA Version is:   ATA/ATAPI-7 (minor revision not indicated)

Local Time is:    Wed Jan 11 17:43:23 2023 UTC

SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.

SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===

SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: FAILED!

Drive failure expected in less than 24 hours. SAVE ALL DATA.

See vendor-specific Attribute list for failed Attributes.

General SMART Values:

Offline data collection status:  (0x82) Offline data collection activity

was completed without error.

Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.

Self-test execution status:      ( 119) The previous self-test completed having

the read element of the test failed.

Total time to complete Offline 

data collection: (  426) seconds.

Offline data collection

capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.

Auto Offline data collection on/off support.

Suspend Offline collection upon new

command.

Offline surface scan supported.

Self-test supported.

No Conveyance Self-test supported.

Selective Self-test supported.

SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering

power-saving mode.

Supports SMART auto save timer.

Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.

General Purpose Logging supported.

Short self-test routine 

recommended polling time: (   2) minutes.

Extended self-test routine

recommended polling time: (  84) minutes.

SCT capabilities:        (0x0035) SCT Status supported.

SCT Feature Control supported.

SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10

Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:

ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE

  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x000f   100   253   006    Pre-fail  Always       -       0

  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0003   099   099   085    Pre-fail  Always       -       0

  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   099   099   020    Old_age   Always       -       1480

  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   001   001   036    Pre-fail  Always   FAILING_NOW 31952

  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x000f   081   060   030    Pre-fail  Always       -       8853334264

  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   081   081   000    Old_age   Always       -       17405

 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0013   100   100   034    Pre-fail  Always       -       0

 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   098   098   020    Old_age   Always       -       2079

187 Reported_Uncorrect      0x0032   001   001   000    Old_age   Always       -       5259

189 High_Fly_Writes         0x003a   098   098   000    Old_age   Always       -       2

190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022   060   031   045    Old_age   Always   In_the_past 40 (Min/Max 24/43)

191 G-Sense_Error_Rate      0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       10

192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       1844

193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0022   001   001   000    Old_age   Always       -       234936

194 Temperature_Celsius     0x001a   040   069   000    Old_age   Always       -       40 (0 12 0 0 0)

195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered  0x0012   073   061   000    Old_age   Always       -       137350076

197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0010   100   097   000    Old_age   Offline      -       11

198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x003e   100   097   000    Old_age   Always       -       11

199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0000   200   200   000    Old_age   Offline      -       1

200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   0x0032   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0

202 Data_Address_Mark_Errs  0x0000   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0

240 Head_Flying_Hours       0x0000   000   000   000    Old_age   Offline      -       17217 (111 247 0)

241 Total_LBAs_Written      0x0000   000   000   000    Old_age   Offline      -       11734329995

242 Total_LBAs_Read         0x0000   000   000   000    Old_age   Offline      -       170874401

254 Free_Fall_Sensor        0x0000   001   001   000    Old_age   Offline      -       513

SMART Error Log Version: 1

ATA Error Count: 6887 (device log contains only the most recent five errors)

CR = Command Register [HEX]

FR = Features Register [HEX]

SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]

SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]

CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]

CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]

DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]

DC = Device Command Register [HEX]

ER = Error register [HEX]

ST = Status register [HEX]

Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as

DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,

SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.

Error 6887 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 17395 hours (724 days + 19 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 01 f5 d0 4f e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x004fd0f5 = 5230837

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  42 00 01 f5 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:10.020  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 01 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:10.005  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 02 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.596  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 04 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.194  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 04 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.179  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

Error 6886 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 17395 hours (724 days + 19 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 01 f4 d0 4f e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x004fd0f4 = 5230836

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  42 00 01 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:10.020  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 02 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:10.005  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 04 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.596  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 04 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.194  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 08 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.179  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

Error 6885 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 17395 hours (724 days + 19 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 02 f4 d0 4f e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x004fd0f4 = 5230836

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  42 00 02 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:10.020  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 04 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:10.005  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 04 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.596  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 08 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.194  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 10 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.179  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

Error 6884 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 17395 hours (724 days + 19 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 04 f4 d0 4f e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x004fd0f4 = 5230836

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  42 00 04 f4 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:10.020  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 04 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:10.005  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 08 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.596  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 10 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.194  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 10 e0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.179  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

Error 6883 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 17395 hours (724 days + 19 hours)

  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:

  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH

  -- -- -- -- -- -- --

  40 51 04 f4 d0 4f e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x004fd0f4 = 5230836

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:

  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name

  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------

  42 00 08 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:07.134  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 10 f0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:07.129  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 10 e0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.596  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 20 e0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.194  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

  42 00 20 c0 d0 4f e0 00      00:43:09.179  READ VERIFY SECTOR(S) EXT

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1

Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error

# 1  Short offline       Completed: read failure       70%     11805         116337475

# 2  Short offline       Interrupted (host reset)      10%       330         -

# 3  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -

# 4  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         0         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1

 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS

    1        0        0  Not_testing

    2        0        0  Not_testing

    3        0        0  Not_testing

    4        0        0  Not_testing

    5        0        0  Not_testing

Selective self-test flags (0x0):

  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.

If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay. 

Remove Snap Apps and Daemon on Kubuntu 22.10

Removing snap apps and snapd frees lot of space on HDD => + 10 GB of free space. Also it eliminates lot's of annoying mount points listed in Krusader => Ctrl+M.

snap list

sudo snap remove --purge firefox // and other applications

sudo snap remove --purge snapd

sudo apt autoremove snapd

sudo apt purge snapd // final step!!!

sudo rm -rf ~/snap /snap /var/snap /var/lib/snapd // remove associated folders

sudo nano /etc/apt/preferences.d/nosnap.pref

# To prevent repository packages from triggering the installation of snap,

# this file forbids snapd from being installed by APT.

Package: snapd

Pin: release a=*

Pin-Priority: -32768

Package: snapd

Pin: origin *

Pin-Priority: -32768

sudo apt update

apt-cache policy snapd

snapd:

  Installed: (none)

  Candidate: (none)

sudo apt-mark hold snapd // prevent update of already installed package

https://linuxhint.com/turn-off-snap-ubuntu/

https://hackaday.com/2020/06/24/whats-the-deal-with-snap-packages/

Free disk space on Linux system

Remove unused mount point and loop

sudo rmdir /path/to/mount/point

mount

ls -la /media/user

lsblk

lsusb

sudo fdisk -l

sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda

sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda

sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda

cp -r -u /home/user/Documents/folder1 /home/user/Downloads/folder1

Don't care about loops.

A loop device, or it can be termed as vnode disk (vnd), and loopback file interface (lofi) is a device that helps the computer file to access block devices. Before using the dev loop, the existing file in the file system must be connected to it.

Remove Gnome packages on Kubuntu 22.10

sudo apt remove *gnome*

After this operation, 4 110 kB disk space will be freed.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n] n

NO POINT TO MAKE FUSS ABOUT IT.

apt list | grep gnome

Free disk space on Linux system

sudo journalctl --rotate

sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=2d

journalctl --vacuum-size=100M

https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/journald.conf.html

sudo nano /etc/systemd/journald.conf

SystemMaxUse=128M // remove # => uncomment

MaxFileSec=2day // remove # => uncomment

sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald

sudo rm /var/log/syslog.1 // 9.2 GB

rm ~/.cache/pip/

/run/log/journal

/var/log/journal

/home/user/.cache/

find ~/.cache/ -depth -type f -atime +365

find ~/.cache/ -type f -atime +365 -delete

/home/user/.wine/drive_c/users/user/Temp/ // firefox, google-chrome, thumbnails, wine, winetricks

df

du

sudo apt autoclean

sudo apt autoremove

System and hardware monitoring utilities

sudo dmesg | less

sudo dmesg | grep usb

vmstat

free // show RAM and swap usage

journalctl

lsblk

less /proc/cpuinfo

less /proc/meminfo //  detailed information on memory usage

lshw // list hardware

lsusb

mount

df

du

Create a bootable USB stick on Linux terminal with dd

Find USB flash drive with following commands:

df

lsblk

sudo dmesg

sudo umount /dev/sdd1 - IN MY CASE!!!

sudo dd if=kubuntu-22.04-desktop-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdd1 bs=1M status=progress

Wait till finish. dd will make USB drive space equal to ISO image.

To recover all USB drive space, do following command:

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdd1 status=progress

Wait till finish. ALL DATA WILL BE DELETED!!!

Format USB drive in preferred partition editor.

Оптимальне використання дисків SMR USB

У даному випадку мова піде про 2.5” ноутбучні диски Seagate та зовнішні USB Seagate Backup Plus Drive. Усі 2.5” диски Seagate SMR. Чесно, ніколи не звертав уваги на технології запису, реалізовані в жорстких дисках. Усе, що цікавило: буфер, швидкості обертів шпинделя та читання/запису, гарантія.

Аж через 3 роки використання USB Seagate Backup Plus Drive помітив проблему: страшенне падіння швидкості запису при великих обʼємах. Особливо це проявилося на Linux, який вганяв жорсткий диск у ступор. Скасування операції копіювання на Linux ввело USB Seagate Backup Plus Drive в кому. Диск вдавалося відкачати, але це допомагало на короткий час. Подумав, що USB контролер або проблема із самим диском. Витягнув з коробки та підключив до SATA. Щось сталося із файловою системою, бо диск надто довго форматувався - 10-20 хв. Також диск гальмував завантаження ПК. Серйозна тормозуха почалася саме після скасування копіювання в терміналі, тому підозрюю Linux, але це не виправдовує Seagate з їх SMR.

Допомогло повне заповнення диска нулями.

Перший ТБ скопіювати на диск не проблема. Все дуже швидко, а далі починається... Чим менша перерва між порціями файлів, тим більше падає швидкість, і тим більше часу треба диску на “відновлення” - 10-15хв. Це проблема для USB Seagate Backup Plus Drive, оскільки після копіювання часто потрібно відключити диск і не зрозуміло, чи він ще працює. Це може викликати збої в роботі, в чому особисто переконався. Враження, наче починає глючити мікропрограма самого диска.

SMR диски можна назвати архівними пристроями для неінтенсивного користування. З читанням із ST4000LM024-2AN17V проблем не виникає, а от із копіюванням на/із нього геморой. Як на мене, SMR - гівнотехнологія, як би хто там не виправдовував економію матеріалів на 20-30%. Матеріалів менше, продуктивність гірша, ціна як за CMR/PMR - профіт! Брати такий диск під холодні архіви файлів, які рідко оновлюються, можна, а як треба переносити великі обсяги даних - до дупи, оскільки копіювати 400 ГБ 10 годин - мука. Для торрентів це барахло теж не підходить, ну, хіба під час закачки не переглядати на ньому інші файли чи папки - затримки дикі - ще такого не бачив.

При підключенні дисків Seagate Backup Plus Drive до USB, не треба їх відключати після копіювання негайно. Ідеально, коли після копіювання виключається ПК. Seagate Backup Plus Drive затримає відключення, але роботу завершить “правильно”. Після раптових відключень, перезавантажень тощо ST4000LM024-2AN17V може гальмувати всю систему: повільно монтується, повільно форматується, затримує завантаження BIOS, завантаження/перезавантаження ОС.

Новітні технології завтрашнього дня... Добре, що не продав старі диски. Нехай працюють до кінця)))

USB hard disk drive copy speed is very slow

-= Check whether HDD is SMR =-

lsblk

lsusb

sudo fdisk -l

sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda

sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda

sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sda

Slow USB hard disk drive copying speed on Linux/Windows

sudo apt install smartmontools

sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdc

sudo smartctl -l

sudo smartctl -l error /dev/sdc

sudo smartctl -l devstat /dev/sdc

USB hard disk drive slows down boot and restart, works laggy, mounts long time

-= Backup all your data =-

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc bs=4M status=progress // wipes all hdd data // 4 TB - 12 hrs

sudo apt install sg3-utils

sudo sg_raw -r 512 /dev/sdc 08 00 00 00 01 00

Create/convert table wtih GParted, AOMEI etc

Format with GParted, AOMEI etc

Test

Low level format & filling with zeros

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/X bs=512 count=1 status=progress // just MBR delete

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/X bs=4M status=progress // complete wipe

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/X bs=4M status=progress | od | head

sudo pv -tpreb /dev/X | od | head //fill with zeros

sudo od /dev/X | head // scan for nonzero bytes

sudo badblocks -sv -t 0x00 /dev/X // check zeros

sudo badblocks -svw -t 0x00 /dev/X // check and write zeros

X - disk // sda, sdb, sdc etc

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc bs=4M status=progress

4000766230528 bytes (4,0 TB, 3,6 TiB) copied, 42343 s, 94,5 MB/s //started 140 MB/s

dd: error writing '/dev/sdc': No space left on device

sudo sg_raw -r 512 /dev/sdc 08 00 00 00 01 00 //sudo apt install sg3-utils

SCSI Status: Good 

ST4000LM024-2AN17V features, SMART and copy problem

 sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda

Slow copying to external USB HDD in Kubuntu

Format external HDD in NTFS with default cluster size.

Do not check any additional options like SSD optimization etc.

GParted helps to get rid of "Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary." issue.

If using dual boot with Windows, Offline USB drive in Windows Disk Management after use.

lsmod | grep ntfs

findmnt -no FSTYPE /dev/sda1

ntfs3

echo "blacklist ntfs3" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/disable-ntfs3.conf

sudo update-initramfs -u

findmnt -no FSTYPE /dev/sda1

fuseblk // You're using ntfs-3g, which shows up as fuseblk.